Tham khảo Cơn sốt vàng California

  1. ↑ "[E]vents from January 1848 through December 1855 [are] generally acknowledged as the 'Gold Rush'. After 1855, California gold mining changed and is outside the 'rush' era."“The Gold Rush of California: A Bibliography of Periodical Articles”. California State University, Stanislaus. 2002. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 1 năm 2008. 
  2. ↑ “California Gold Rush, 1848-1864”. Learn California.org, a site designed for the California Secretary of State. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 8 năm 2011. 
  3. 1 2 “Minorities During the Gold Rush”. California Secretary of State. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 3 năm 2009. 
  4. ↑ For a detailed map, see California Historic Gold Mines, published by the State of California. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 12 năm 2006.
  5. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1889). History of California, Volume 23: 1843–1850. San Francisco: The History Company. tr. 32–34. 
  6. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howen (1888), các trang 39–41.
  7. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for riches; gold fever and the making of California. Oakland, California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: Oakland Museum of California và University of California Press. tr. 60. 
  8. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888), các trang 55–56.
  9. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005). California: a history. New York: The Modern Library. tr. 80. 
  10. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888), các trang 103–105.
  11. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888), các trang 59–60.
  12. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999), p. 51 ("800 residents").
  13. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (1999). A golden state: mining and economic development in Gold Rush California (California History Sesquicentennial Series, 2). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. tr. 187. 
  14. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999), p. 126.
  15. ↑ “A Golden Dream? A Look at Mining Communities in the 1849 Gold Rush” (PDF). Sell-oldgold.com, an educational resource for historical gold, silver, and coin information. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 7 năm 2009. 
  16. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), p. 1.
  17. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003). The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream. New York: Anchor (reprint ed.). tr. 103–121. 
  18. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 75–85. Another route across Nicaragua was developed in 1851; it was not as popular as the Panama option. Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 252–253.
  19. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 5.
  20. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999), các trang 101, 107.
  21. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 80; “Shipping is the Foundation of San Francisco — Literally”. Oakland Museum of California. 1998. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 12 năm 2006. 
  22. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888), các trang 363–366.
  23. ↑ Dillon, Richard (1975). Siskiyou Trail. New York: McGraw Hill. các trang 361–362.
  24. ↑ Wells, Harry L. (1881). History of Siskiyou County, California. Oakland, California: D.J. Stewart & Co. tr. 60–64. 
  25. ↑ The buildings of Bodie, the best-known ghost town in California, date from the 1870s and later, well after the end of the Gold Rush.
  26. 1 2 Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (1999), p. 3.
  27. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 9.
  28. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 8.
  29. 1 2 Miller, Joaquin (1873). Life amongst the Modocs: unwritten history. Berkeley: Heyday Books; reprint edition (January 1996).  On-line version of book
  30. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 43–46.
  31. ↑ Moynihan, Ruth B., Armitage, Susan, and Dichamp, Christiane Fischer (eds.) (1990). So Much to Be Done. Lincoln: U Nebraska, p. 3
  32. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000). Rooted in barbarous soil: people, culture, and community in Gold Rush California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press. tr. 50–54. 
  33. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 48–53.
  34. 1 2 3 Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 50–54.
  35. ↑ Caughey, John Walton (1975). The California Gold Rush. University of California Press. tr. 17. ISBN 0-520-02763-9. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 5 năm 2010. 
  36. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 197–202.
  37. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999) p. 63. Holliday notes these luckiest prospectors were recovering, in short amounts of time, gold worth in excess of $1 million when valued at the dollars of today.
  38. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), p. 28.
  39. 1 2 3 Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 57–61.
  40. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 53–61.
  41. 1 2 Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 53–56.
  42. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 61–64.
  43. ↑ Magagnini, Stephen (ngày 18 tháng 1 năm 1998)"Chinese transformed 'Gold Mountain'", The Sacramento Bee. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 10 năm 2009.
  44. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 93–103.
  45. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 57–61. Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 (ibid. p. 57).
  46. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), p. 25.
  47. ↑ Exploration and Settlement (John Bull and Uncle Sam)
  48. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 193–194.
  49. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), p. 62.
  50. ↑ Gold Rush: Background
  51. ↑ Freguli, Carolyn. (eds.) (2008), các trang8–9.
  52. ↑ Another estimate is 2,500 forty-niners of African ancestry. Rawls, James, J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 5.
  53. ↑ African Americans who were slaves and came to California during the Gold Rush could gain their freedom. One of the miners was African American Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891), see also Moses Rodgers (1835-1900)
  54. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 67–69.
  55. 1 2 3 Out of Many, 5th Edition Volume 1, Faragher 2006 (p.411)
  56. ↑ Moynihan, Ruth B., Armitage, Susan, and Dichamp, Christiane Fischer (eds.) (1990), các trang 3-8
  57. ↑ Levy, Joann (1992). They saw the elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush. Archon:N.p., các trang xxii, 92
  58. ↑ By one account, in late 1850, the population of California was over 110,000, not including the Californios or the California Indians. The surviving U.S. census counts in California add up to 92,600, not including the lost censuses of San Francisco (the largest city in California at that time), Contra Costa county và Santa Clara County. The women who came to California in the early years were a distinct minority, consisting of less than 10% of the population.
  59. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999), các trang 115–123.
  60. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 235.
  61. 1 2 Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 123–125.
  62. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p.127. There were fewer than 1,000 U.S. soldiers in California at the beginning of the Gold Rush.
  63. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 27.
  64. ↑ The federal law in place at the time of the California Gold Rush was the Preemption Act of 1841, which allowed "squatters" to improve federal land, then buy it from the government after 14 months.
  65. ↑ Paul, Rodman W. (1947) California Gold, Lincoln: Univ. Nebraska Press, p.211–213.
  66. 1 2 3 Clay, Karen and Wright, Gavin. (2005), các trang 155–183.
  67. 1 2 3 Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith (ed. 2001). The Shirley Letters from the California Mines, 1851-1852. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California. tr. 109. ISBN 1-890771-00-7. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2010.  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp) "Dame Shirley" was the name adopted by Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe as she wrote a series of letters to her family describing in detail her life in the Feather River goldfields. The letters were originally published in 1854-1855 by The Pioneer magazine.
  68. ↑ Luật lệ tuyên bố khai thác mỏ được thông qua bơi những người forty-niners và lan rộng đến những nơi khai thác mới trên khắp miền tây Hoa Kỳ. Quốc hội Hoa Kỳ cuối cùng cũng đưa ra luật thực thi bằng "đạo luật Chaffee" năm 1866 và "luật sa khoáng" năm 1870. Lindley, Curtis H. (1914) A Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands, San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, p.89–92. Karen Clay and Gavin Wright, "Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush." Explorations in Economic History 2005 42(2): 155-183. See also John F. Burns, and Richard J. Orsi, eds; Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California University of California Press, 2003
  69. ↑ Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush, p. 13-14. DOUGLAS W. ALLEN, Simon Fraser University
  70. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 198–200.
  71. ↑ Images and detailed description of placer mining tools and techniques; image of a long tom
  72. ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888), các trang 87–88.
  73. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 90.
  74. ↑ The Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals, not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system. The term "ounces" used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces. There are some historical uses where, because of the age of the use, the intention is ambiguous.
  75. 1 2 3 4 Mining History and Geology of the Mother Lode (accessed ngày 16 tháng 10 năm 2006).
  76. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 89.
  77. ↑ Use of volumes of water in large-scale gold-mining dates at least to the time of the Roman Empire. Roman engineers built extensive aqueducts and reservoirs above gold-bearing areas, and released the stored water in a flood so as to remove over-burden and expose gold-bearing bedrock, a process known as hushing. The bedrock was then attacked using fire and mechanical means, and volumes of water were used again to remove debris, and to process the resulting ore. Examples of this Roman mining technology may be found at Las Médulas in Spain and Dolaucothi in South Wales. The gold recovered using these methods was used to finance the expansion of the Roman Empire. Hushing was also used in lead and tin mining in Northern Britain và Cornwall. There is, however, no evidence of the earlier use of hoses, nozzles and continuous jets of water in the manner developed in California during the Gold Rush.
  78. ↑ “Gold Mining Techniques of the Gold Rush of 1849” (PDF). Refinity.com, a resource for gold, silver, and coin information. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 7 năm 2009. 
  79. 1 2 Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 32–36.
  80. 1 2 Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 116–121.
  81. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 199.
  82. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 36–39.
  83. ↑ “Amador City, California -- Historic Gold Mining Town. [full text] [book links]”. readme-ebooks.org, The Pierian Press, ngày 8 tháng 8 năm 1999. Online. Internet. Ngày 18 tháng 5 năm 1743. Truy cập [ngày 6 tháng 9 năm 2010].  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp)
  84. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 39–43.
  85. ↑ Charles N. Alpers, Michael P. Hunerlach, Jason T. May, and Roger L. Hothem. “Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California”. U.S. Geological Survey. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 2 năm 2008. 
  86. ↑ Karen Clay and Randall Jones, "Migrating to Riches? Evidence from the California Gold Rush," Journal of Economic History, December 2008, Vol. 68 Issue 4, pp 997-1027
  87. ↑ Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1998). Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21659-8. 
  88. 1 2 Holliday, J. S. (1999) các trang 69–70.
  89. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999), p. 63.
  90. ↑ Clay and Jones, "Migrating to Riches? Evidence from the California Gold Rush," Journal of Economic History, 2008,
  91. ↑ The famous Levi's jeans were not invented until the 1870s. Lynn Downey, Levi Strauss & Co. (2007)
  92. ↑ James Lick made a fortune running a hotel and engaging in land speculation in San Francisco. Lick's fortune was used to build Lick Observatory.
  93. ↑ Four particularly successful Gold Rush era merchants were Leland Stanford, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins và Charles Crocker, Sacramento area businessmen (later known as the Big Four) who financed the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad, and became very wealthy as a result.
  94. ↑ Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The social world of the California Gold Rush. (2000), các trang 164-168.
  95. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 52-68, 193–197.
  96. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 212–214.
  97. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 256–259.
  98. ↑ Holliday, J. S. (1999) p. 90.
  99. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 193–197; 214–215.
  100. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 214.
  101. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), p. 212.
  102. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 226–227.
  103. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), p. 50. Other estimates are that there were 7,000–13,000 non-Native Americans in California before January 1848. See Holliday, J. S. (1999), các trang 26, 51.
  104. ↑ Historians have reflected on the Gold Rush and its effect on California. Historian Hubert Howe Bancroft used the phrase that the Gold Rush advanced California into a "rapid, monstrous maturity," and historian Kevin Starr stated, for all its problems and benefits, the Gold Rush established the "founding patterns, the DNA code, of American California." See Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 80.
  105. 1 2 Starr, Kevin (2005), các trang 91–93.
  106. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 243–248. By 1860, California had over 200 flour mills, and was exporting wheat and flour around the world. Ibid. at 278–280.
  107. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005), các trang 110–111.
  108. ↑ Starr, Kevin (1973). Americans and the California dream: 1850–1915. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. tr. 69–75. 
  109. ↑ Caughey, 1975, p. 192
  110. ↑ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1870, U.S. Bureau of the Census
  111. ↑ Harper's New Monthly Magazine March 1855, Volume 10, Issue 58, p. 543.
  112. ↑ S.S. Central America information; Final voyage of the S.S. Central America. Truy cập 2008-04-25.
  113. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 192–196.
  114. ↑ Một vụ chìm tàu khác nổi tiếng là tàu hơi nước Winfield Scott, đi đến Panama từ San Francisco, khi nó đâm vào đảo Anacapa ngoài khơi bờ biển Nam California tháng 12 năm 1853. Tất cả hành khách đều được cứu vùng với hàng hóa vàng nhưng tàu thì mất hoàn toàn.
  115. ↑ "The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). Cambridge University Press. p.205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6
  116. ↑ “An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians”. 
  117. ↑ Heizer, Robert F. (1974). The destruction of California Indians. Lincoln and London: Univ. of Nebraska Press. tr. 243. 
  118. ↑ Castillo, Edward D. (1998). “California Indian History”. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 2 năm 2010. 
  119. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 99.
  120. ↑ “Destruction of the California Indians”. California Secretary of State. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 2012. 
  121. ↑ Norton, Jack (1979). Genocide in northwestern California: when our worlds cried. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. ISBN 0-913436-26-7.
  122. ↑ Starr, Kevin and Orsi, Richard J. (eds.) (2000), các trang 56–79.
  123. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2005), các trang 84–87. Joaquin Murrieta was a famous Mexican bandit during the Gold Rush of the 1850s.The Last of the California Rangers (1928), "16. California Banditti," by Jill L. Cossley-Batt
  124. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 285–286.
  125. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 287–289.
  126. ↑ Younger, R. M. 'Wondrous Gold' in Australia and the Australians: A New Concise History, Rigby, Sydney, 1970
  127. ↑ Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (eds.) (1999), các trang 278–279.
  128. ↑ Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have postulated that were it not for the discovery of gold, Oregon might have been granted statehood ahead of California, and therefore the first "Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state." See Rawls, James, J., and Walton Bean (2003), p. 112.
  129. ↑ Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (1986)
  130. ↑ Brands, H. W. (2003), p. 442.
  131. ↑ A perception of lawlessness also was connected with California. See, Robert A. Burchell, "The Loss of a Reputation; or, The Image of California in Britain before 1875," California Historical Quarterly 53 (Summer I974): 115-30 (stories about Gold Rush lawlessness deterred some immigration for two decades).
  132. ↑ "[A]griculture [dominated the post-Gold Rush] sequence of development, employing more people than mining by 1869... and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy." Starr, Kevin (2005), p. 110.
  133. ↑ See, e.g., Signal Hill, California, Bakersfield, California; Los Angeles, California
  134. ↑ 20th Century-Fox, MGM, Paramount, RKO, Warner Bros., Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists are among the most recognized entertainment industry names centered in California; see also Film studio
  135. ↑ Hughes Aircraft, Douglas Aircraft, North American Aviation, Northrop, Lockheed Aircraft were among the complex of companies in the aerospace industry which flourished in California during and after World War II
  136. ↑ Gaither, Chris and Chmielewski, Dawn C (2006-10-10). “Google Bets Big on Videos”. Los Angeles Times. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2006. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 10 năm 2006.  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp)
  137. ↑ Watson (2005) looks at Bret Harte's notion of Western partnership in such California gold rush stories as "The Luck of Roaring Camp` (1868), "Tennessee's Partner" (1869), and "Miggles" (1869). While critics have long recognized Harte's interest in gender constructs, Harte's depictions of Western partnerships also explore changing dynamics of economic relationships and gendered relationships through terms of contract, mutual support, and the bonds of labor. Matthew A. Watson, "The Argonauts of '49: Class, Gender, and Partnership in Bret Harte's West." Western American Literature 2005 40(1): 33-53.
  138. ↑ Gold Rush images on the state seal include a forty-niner digging with a pick and shovel, a pan for panning gold, and a "long-tom." In addition, the ships on the water suggest the sailing ships filling the Sacramento River và San Francisco Bay during the Gold Rush era.
  139. ↑ “Your guide to the Mother Lode:Complete map of historic Hwy 49.”. historichwy49.com. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 12 năm 2008. 
  140. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 168–169.
  141. 1 2 Brands, H. W. (2003), các trang 195–196.
  142. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 174–178.
  143. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 169–173.
  144. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 94–100.
  145. ↑ Hill, Mary (1999), các trang 105–110.
  146. ↑ Curiously, there were decades of minor earthquakes - more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California - before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Widely previously interpreted as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake, they have been found to have a strong seasonal pattern and were found to be due to large seasonal sediment loads in coastal bays that overlie faults as a result of mining of gold inland. Seasonal Seismicity of Northern California Before the Great 1906 Earthquake, (Journal) Pure and Applied Geophysics, ISSN 0033-4553 (Print) 1420-9136 (Online), volume 159, Numbers 1-3 / January 2002, Pages 7-62.

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